DIRECT AND INDIRECT
- Jika reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
- Jika reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi
bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu
reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau
reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech
itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple present – menjadi – Simple
past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman
came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk
bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
kecuali :
Kalau reported speech
berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present
indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk
lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that
the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke
dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata
keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
|
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya
menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan
perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was
his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb
dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi,
bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali
dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been
writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has
been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading.
(tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly
“.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done
wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy
wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah
menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika
pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
|
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether
sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah
tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
|
He said to me, “Are you going away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah,
reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang
menandakan :
- command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
- precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
- request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
- entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
- prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi
kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif.
Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam
reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a. Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
b. Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c. Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his
pencil
d. Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e. Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi
reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya
diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive
with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri
dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say atau tell harus
diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,
pray dsb.
a.
Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b.
Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son
Direct and Indirect Speech – example -
1. ‘What do you want?’ she asked
him.
2. ‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.
3. He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’
4. ‘Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.
5. The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’
6. ‘Which way should I go?’ asked the little girl.
7. Alladin said to the magician, ‘What have I done to deserve so severe a punishment?’
8. ‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.
9. ‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to the student.
10. ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’ said the judge finally.
11. ‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’ asked Ulysses.
12. ‘Who are you, sir, and what do you want?’ they asked.
13. The king was impressed with the magician and asked, ‘What can I do for you?’
14. She asked, ‘What is it that makes you stronger and braver than other men?’
15. ‘Can you solve this problem?’ he asked me.
2. ‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.
3. He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’
4. ‘Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.
5. The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’
6. ‘Which way should I go?’ asked the little girl.
7. Alladin said to the magician, ‘What have I done to deserve so severe a punishment?’
8. ‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.
9. ‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to the student.
10. ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’ said the judge finally.
11. ‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’ asked Ulysses.
12. ‘Who are you, sir, and what do you want?’ they asked.
13. The king was impressed with the magician and asked, ‘What can I do for you?’
14. She asked, ‘What is it that makes you stronger and braver than other men?’
15. ‘Can you solve this problem?’ he asked me.
Answers
1. She asked him what he wanted.
2. He asked me if I was coming/going with them.
3. He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the payment.
4. The prince asked the girl if she came from China.
5. The poor man exclaimed whether none of them would help him.
6. The little girl asked which way she should go.
7. Alladin asked the magician what he had done to deserve so severe a punishment.
8. I asked her whether she did not know the way home.
9. The teacher asked the student if he/she wrote a good hand.
10. The judge finally asked whether he/she had anything to say on behalf of the accused.
11. Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had anything to tell him.
12. They asked who he was and what he wanted.
13. The king was impressed with the magician and asked what he could do for him.
14. She asked him what was it that made him stronger and braver than other men.
15. He asked me if I could solve that problem.
Nama : Septiani Dama Yanti
Kelas : 1 EA 33
Npm : 18213390
2. He asked me if I was coming/going with them.
3. He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the payment.
4. The prince asked the girl if she came from China.
5. The poor man exclaimed whether none of them would help him.
6. The little girl asked which way she should go.
7. Alladin asked the magician what he had done to deserve so severe a punishment.
8. I asked her whether she did not know the way home.
9. The teacher asked the student if he/she wrote a good hand.
10. The judge finally asked whether he/she had anything to say on behalf of the accused.
11. Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had anything to tell him.
12. They asked who he was and what he wanted.
13. The king was impressed with the magician and asked what he could do for him.
14. She asked him what was it that made him stronger and braver than other men.
15. He asked me if I could solve that problem.
Nama : Septiani Dama Yanti
Kelas : 1 EA 33
Npm : 18213390
